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Archives Volume-13, Issue-2, Year-2026 ( july- dec)

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Paper Title:
FINANCIAL LITERACY AND POCKET MONEY MANAGEMENT AMONG COLLEGE STUDENTS: A CASE STUDY OF GOVT. DANTESHWARI PG COLLEGE, DANTEWADA
Author Name:
TUMESHWAR , RAMESHWAR MANDAVI & SURAJ SAHU
Country:
India
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.21424676
Page No.:
1-8
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FINANCIAL LITERACY AND POCKET MONEY MANAGEMENT AMONG COLLEGE STUDENTS: A CASE STUDY OF GOVT. DANTESHWARI PG COLLEGE, DANTEWADA
Author: TUMESHWAR , RAMESHWAR MANDAVI & SURAJ SAHU

ABSTRACT
This research paper presents a comprehensive analysis of the financial literacy levels, income sources, and pocket money management strategies among students at Government Danteshwari PG College, Dantewada, in the Bastar region. The study uniquely captures a tribal-dominated demographic, where 69.2% of the 104 respondents belong to the Scheduled Tribe (ST) category. Through rigorous primary data analysis, the study reveals that while theoretical financial confidence is high, practical execution falters. The transition to frictionless digital payments (with 57.7% primarily using UPI) has catalyzed impulsive buying behavior, significantly escalating expenditures even among those who claim immunity to peer pressure. Additionally, a Chi-Square test (χ² = 10.64, p = 0.1002, df = 6) at a 90% confidence level is statistically suggestive but not significant regarding the link between ‘self-earned income’ and ‘financial discipline,’ lending support to Richard Thaler’s Mental Accounting theory. Despite behavioral gaps, a highly positive trend emerges with 94.2% of students exhibiting saving habits, highlighting a latent drive for self-reliance and future financial planning.

Keywords: Financial literacy, pocket money management, digital payments, impulsive buying, financial discipline, Mental Accounting, Behavioral Economics, tribal demographics.

Paper Title:
THE ROLE OF ECONOMIC CONDITIONS AND CENTRAL–STATE GOVERNMENT HEALTH SCHEMES IN SHAPING HEALTH AND MEDICAL INSURANCE ADOPTION IN PUNJAB A Quantitative Study of Economic Capaci
Author Name:
Amanpreet Singh , Navneet Seth
Country:
India
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.21550751
Page No.:
9-18
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THE ROLE OF ECONOMIC CONDITIONS AND CENTRAL–STATE GOVERNMENT HEALTH SCHEMES IN SHAPING HEALTH AND MEDICAL INSURANCE ADOPTION IN PUNJAB A Quantitative Study of Economic Capaci
Author: Amanpreet Singh , Navneet Seth

ABSTRACT
Health-insurance adoption is shaped by the interaction of financial capacity, institutional support and consumers’ evaluations of insurance services. This study examines the role of household economic conditions and central–state government health schemes in influencing health and medical insurance adoption in Punjab. A quantitative, explanatory, cross-sectional design was used. Primary data were collected between February and November 2025 from respondents in Ludhiana, Jalandhar, Bathinda and Ferozepur. Of 1,136 questionnaires distributed, 522 responses were received and 453 valid responses were retained for analysis; 358 responses were collected face-to-face and 95 online. The questionnaire measured economic conditions, government health-scheme awareness and perceived usefulness, insurance awareness, service accessibility, premium cost, trust, customer satisfaction, perceived value and health-insurance adoption using five-point Likert-scale items. Structural equation modelling was used to examine the hypothesised relationships, supplemented by reliability and validity assessment, mediation analysis, moderation analysis and predictive validation. The results reported in the study indicate that economic conditions and government health schemes are positively associated with health-insurance adoption. Premium cost negatively affects customer satisfaction, whereas insurance awareness, accessibility and trust positively influence satisfaction. Customer satisfaction is positively associated with adoption, and perceived value strengthens the relationships between awareness and trust and customer satisfaction. The findings suggest that expanding health-insurance participation requires more than increasing product availability. Affordability, effective public schemes, accessible delivery, transparent administration and trust-building are jointly important for improving adoption in Punjab.

Keywords: health-insurance adoption; economic conditions; affordability; government health schemes; Punjab; customer satisfaction; perceived value; structural equation modelling.

Paper Title:
TRANSFORMING LIVES LOCALLY: THE IMPACT OF MICROFINANCE IN RURAL AREAS OF ASSAM
Author Name:
Ruli Daulagupu , Papiya Dutta
Country:
India
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.21670395
Page No.:
19-23
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TRANSFORMING LIVES LOCALLY: THE IMPACT OF MICROFINANCE IN RURAL AREAS OF ASSAM
Author: Ruli Daulagupu , Papiya Dutta

INTRODUCTION
Microfinance refers to the provision of financial services such as small loans (microcredit), savings, insurance, and payment facilities to low-income individuals or groups who typically lack access to conventional banking services. These services are often tailored to the capacities and needs of rural populations, who face geographic, economic, social, and infrastructural constraints that limit their access to formal financial systems.
Rural areas often have features such as low population density, scattered settlements, dependence on agriculture, seasonal and unpredictable incomes, weak infrastructure (roads, power, internet), and sometimes low literacy and financial awareness. In such contexts, traditional banks frequently consider lending to small or remote clients unprofitable or too risky (due to the lack of collateral, high transaction costs, information asymmetry etc.). Microfinance institutions (MFIs), non-profit organizations, cooperative societies, and self-help group (SHG) models have sought to bridge this gap.

Paper Title:
CUSTOMER ADOPTION OF FINANCIAL TECHNOLOGY AND INVESTMENT DECISION-MAKING; AN EMPIRICAL INVESTIGATION
Author Name:
Murugesan S , P. Ayyappan
Country:
India
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.21790288
Page No.:
24-32
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CUSTOMER ADOPTION OF FINANCIAL TECHNOLOGY AND INVESTMENT DECISION-MAKING; AN EMPIRICAL INVESTIGATION
Author: Murugesan S , P. Ayyappan

ABSTRACT
The rapid advancement of financial technology (FinTech) has transformed the way individuals and businesses access financial services. Digital innovations such as mobile banking, robo-advisors, peer-to-peer lending, blockchain, digital wallets, and artificial intelligence have significantly influenced customer financial behavior and investment decision-making. FinTech has increased financial accessibility, reduced transaction costs, improved investment efficiency, and enabled data-driven financial decisions. However, concerns regarding cybersecurity, privacy, technological complexity, and regulatory uncertainty continue to affect customer adoption. The article examines the relationship between customer adoption of financial technology and investment decision-making by exploring key adoption theories, influencing factors, benefits, challenges, and future trends. A sample size of 100 respondents is selected using convenience sampling technique.The required primary data has been collected from the respondents using Google forms. The discussion highlights how customer trust, perceived usefulness, ease of use, financial literacy, and technological innovation shape investment behavior in the digital era.

Keywords: Financial Technology, FinTech Adoption, Investment Decision-Making, Digital Finance, Customer Behavior and Financial Literacy.

Paper Title:
CUSTOMER ACCEPTANCE AND SATISFACTION IN NEO-BANKING SERVICES
Author Name:
Anish Thomas , Marvin Sabu
Country:
India
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.22224076
Page No.:
33-42
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CUSTOMER ACCEPTANCE AND SATISFACTION IN NEO-BANKING SERVICES
Author: Anish Thomas , Marvin Sabu

ABSTRACT
The rapid digitalisation of financial services has accelerated the emergence of neo-banking as a technology-driven alternative to conventional banking. This study examines customer awareness, perceived benefits, acceptance, satisfaction and continuance intention toward neo-banking services among users in Kottayam District, Kerala. Primary data were collected from 80 respondents through a structured questionnaire using convenience sampling and analysed using descriptive statistics. The findings indicate that respondents had a moderate level of awareness, while acceptance, satisfaction and continuance intention were comparatively high. Convenience emerged as the most important perceived benefit, whereas the absence of a physical branch network was the major limitation. Payments constituted the most frequently used neo-banking service, while investment and lending services recorded relatively lower usage. Overall, the findings indicate favourable customer perceptions and continued engagement with neo-banking, although concerns relating to branch accessibility, service coverage and security remain. The study provides context-specific evidence on customer engagement with neo-banking and highlights the importance of convenience, usability and customer support in strengthening continued use of digital banking services.

Keywords: Neo-banking, FinTech, Customer Acceptance, Customer Satisfaction, Continuance Intention, Digital Banking, India

Paper Title:
PRIVATIZATION OF INDIAN RAILWAYS: A STUDY OF STAKEHOLDER PERCEPTION, POLICY TRAJECTORY, AND THE TEJAS EXPRESS EXPERIENCE
Author Name:
Anuradha Agarwal , Rahul Chaudhary
Country:
India
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.22643319
Page No.:
43-55
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PRIVATIZATION OF INDIAN RAILWAYS: A STUDY OF STAKEHOLDER PERCEPTION, POLICY TRAJECTORY, AND THE TEJAS EXPRESS EXPERIENCE
Author: Anuradha Agarwal , Rahul Chaudhary

Indian Railways (IR), the fourth-largest railway network in the world, has for over a decade been the subject of a slow but deliberate policy shift from a state-monopoly, socially-priced transport utility toward a system that increasingly accommodates private capital and management. This study examines the trajectory, rationale, and public reception of railway privatization in India, combining a review of policy history and comparative international experience with primary survey evidence from 418 passengers and railway employees. The paper traces privatization from the 2006 Container Policy and the 2019 Tejas Express pilot through to the National Monetization Pipeline 2.0 (NMP 2.0), announced in February 2026, which targets ₹2.62 lakh crore in asset monetization between 2025-26 and 2029-30 a 70 percent increase over the first monetization cycle. Survey findings show that 70.9 percent of respondents consider privatization necessary, and 45.5 percent favor a Public-Private Partnership (PPP) model over full privatization or continued public ownership; yet 74.5 percent fear higher fares and 52.7 percent fear a widening of income-based access to quality service. The financial record of the Tejas Express India's flagship private-style train, which had accumulated losses of roughly 62.9 crore over its first several loss-making years is examined as a case study in the conditional and volatile viability of premium-positioned private-style services; the most recent available data show a demand-driven recovery in the third quarter of FY 2025-26, with quarterly occupancy of 69% on the Delhi-Lucknow route and 109% on the Ahmedabad-Mumbai route, though full-year profitability for FY 2025-26 has not yet been officially disclosed. Drawing on international evidence from the United Kingdom and Japan, the paper argues that unregulated, full-scale privatization carries demonstrable risk to safety, affordability, and service equity, whereas a calibrated, well-regulated PPP model is both what the public prefers and what the comparative record supports. The paper concludes with policy recommendations centered on tariff regulation, phased implementation, and employment safeguards.

Keywords: Indian Railways, privatization, Public-Private Partnership, Tejas Express, National Monetization Pipeline, transport policy, passenger perception

Paper Title:
ENTREPRENEURIAL AGENTIC AI: A CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK FOR AUTONOMOUS DECISION-MAKING, ETHICAL GOVERNANCE, AND HUMAN–AI COLLABORATION IN EARLY-STAGE VENTURES
Author Name:
Kavita Dahiya, Shubham Alria
Country:
India
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.22688635
Page No.:
56-64
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ENTREPRENEURIAL AGENTIC AI: A CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK FOR AUTONOMOUS DECISION-MAKING, ETHICAL GOVERNANCE, AND HUMAN–AI COLLABORATION IN EARLY-STAGE VENTURES
Author: Kavita Dahiya, Shubham Alria

Artificial intelligence (AI) is increasingly embedded in entrepreneurial activity, but the emergence of agentic AI—systems capable of pursuing goals through multi-step planning, tool use, and partially autonomous execution—creates a distinct set of opportunities and governance challenges for early-stage ventures. This conceptual paper examines the relationship between entrepreneurial agentic AI, autonomous decision-making, ethical governance, and human–AI collaboration. Building on research on AI and entrepreneurship, the automation–augmentation paradox, responsible AI, and entrepreneurial cognition, the paper develops an integrative framework in which agentic AI can extend entrepreneurial analytical capacity while human judgment remains essential for contextual interpretation, value selection, accountability, and exception handling. The framework identifies three interrelated pathways. First, agentic AI can improve the timeliness, consistency, and information-processing capacity of entrepreneurial decisions when task boundaries and escalation rules are clearly specified. Second, ethical governance—including accountability, transparency, privacy, fairness, monitoring, and risk controls—conditions whether increased autonomy produces legitimate and socially responsible outcomes. Third, human–AI collaboration can support innovation and operational effectiveness when trust is calibrated rather than assumed and when human and AI roles are explicitly negotiated. The paper contributes a conceptual model and three propositions for future empirical testing. It also provides managerial and policy implications for early-stage ventures seeking to adopt agentic AI without transferring responsibility from human decision-makers to machines.

Keywords: agentic AI; entrepreneurship; autonomous decision-making; responsible AI; human–AI collaboration; AI governance; early-stage ventures

Paper Title:
INVESTMENT PERCEPTIONS AND MARKET PERFORMANCE DURING GEOPOLITICAL UNCERTAINTY— A STUDY OF INVESTORS ABOVE 40
Author Name:
Saanvi Gupta
Country:
India
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.22707289
Page No.:
65-77
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INVESTMENT PERCEPTIONS AND MARKET PERFORMANCE DURING GEOPOLITICAL UNCERTAINTY— A STUDY OF INVESTORS ABOVE 40
Author: Saanvi Gupta

This study examines the investment perceptions of individuals above 40 during geopolitical uncertainty and compares them with the performance of Gold, NIFTY 50 and S&P 500. Using survey responses and market data, the study finds that gold was widely perceived as the safest and most preferred investment. However, during the selected period, the S&P 500 recorded the highest return and lowest volatility, while gold showed the lowest return and highest volatility. The findings highlight that perceived safety may differ from actual short-term market performance and emphasise the importance of diversification and informed investment decisions.

Paper Title:
ESG PERFORMANCE AND CORPORATE FINANCIAL RISK: A CONCEPTUAL REVIEW AND INTEGRATIVE FRAMEWORK
Author Name:
D.P. Warne, Kunal Kumar
Country:
India
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.23052943
Page No.:
78-85
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ESG PERFORMANCE AND CORPORATE FINANCIAL RISK: A CONCEPTUAL REVIEW AND INTEGRATIVE FRAMEWORK
Author: D.P. Warne, Kunal Kumar

Environmental, social, and governance (ESG) considerations have moved from the periphery of corporate reporting to the centre of financial decision-making, yet the precise channels through which ESG performance shapes corporate financial risk remain fragmented across disciplines and empirical settings. This paper undertakes a conceptual review of the ESG-financial risk literature with two specific objectives: first, to synthesise the theoretical and empirical evidence linking ESG performance to different dimensions of corporate financial risk, and second, to develop an integrative conceptual framework that explains the mechanisms through which environmental, social, and governance performance individually and jointly influence systematic risk, idiosyncratic risk, credit and default risk, and operational risk. Drawing on stakeholder theory, risk-mitigation (insurance-like) arguments, agency theory, and legitimacy theory, the paper argues that ESG performance operates as a risk-management mechanism that reduces information asymmetry, strengthens stakeholder relationships, and buffers firms against regulatory, reputational, and operational shocks. The review also highlights persistent inconsistencies in measurement, rating methodology, and contextual factors that complicate cross-study comparison. The proposed framework is intended to guide future empirical work and to offer practitioners and policymakers a structured basis for evaluating ESG-related risk exposure. The paper concludes by outlining the boundary conditions of the framework and directions for subsequent empirical validation.

Keywords: ESG performance; corporate financial risk; sustainability risk; stakeholder theory; risk mitigation; conceptual framework

Paper Title:
FINANCIAL LITERACY AND FINANCIAL ATTITUDE AS DETERMINANTS OF RETIREMENT PLANNING BEHAVIOUR AMONG WORKING PROFESSIONALS IN KERALA
Author Name:
Sudeep S R, S. Jayadev
Country:
India
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.22841983
Page No.:
86-106
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FINANCIAL LITERACY AND FINANCIAL ATTITUDE AS DETERMINANTS OF RETIREMENT PLANNING BEHAVIOUR AMONG WORKING PROFESSIONALS IN KERALA
Author: Sudeep S R, S. Jayadev

Retirement planning has become an important component of individual financial well-being as working professionals increasingly assume responsibility for financing their post-retirement years. Financial literacy and financial attitude are considered important determinants of how individuals perceive, evaluate, and undertake long-term financial planning. The present quantitative study examines the influence of financial literacy and financial attitude on retirement planning behaviour among working professionals in Kerala, India. The study specifically investigates whether financial knowledge and individuals' attitudes towards saving, investment, financial discipline, and future financial security significantly influence retirement planning behaviour. Primary data were collected using a structured questionnaire. A total of 300 questionnaires were distributed, of which 294 valid responses were retained for the study, resulting in a valid response rate of 98.0%. Non-probability purposive sampling was employed to select working professionals who met the study's eligibility criteria. Financial literacy was measured through respondents' understanding of fundamental financial concepts, saving, investment, inflation, interest rates, risk, and retirement-related financial planning. Financial attitude was assessed through future orientation, saving discipline, financial responsibility, and long-term financial preferences. Retirement planning behaviour was measured through retirement savings, investment planning, pension participation, financial goal setting, and regular retirement preparation. Descriptive statistics, reliability analysis, Pearson correlation, and multiple regression analysis are proposed to examine the relationships among the variables. The study provides an empirical framework for understanding the role of financial capability and financial attitudes in retirement preparedness among working professionals in Kerala.

Keywords: Financial Literacy, Financial Attitude, Retirement Planning, Retirement Planning Behaviour, Working Professionals, Financial Behaviour, Kerala.

Paper Title:
FINANCIAL LITERACY AND INVESTMENT CONFIDENCE AMONG MALE AND FEMALE IN LUDHIANA CITY
Author Name:
Amaira Vadhera
Country:
India
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.22895841
Page No.:
107-121
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FINANCIAL LITERACY AND INVESTMENT CONFIDENCE AMONG MALE AND FEMALE IN LUDHIANA CITY
Author: Amaira Vadhera

This study examines financial literacy and investment confidence among 118 respondents in Ludhiana City. The findings show strong basic financial knowledge, with an average literacy score of 6.81/8, while 72% of respondents had investment experience. The study also highlights differences in financial literacy and confidence across gender, age and investment experience, emphasising the need for practical financial education.

Paper Title:
SOCIO-ECONOMIC DIFFERENCES IN FINTECH ADOPTION AND FINANCIAL INCLUSION AMONG URBAN STREET VENDORS: EVIDENCE FROM KOTA, RAJASTHAN, INDIA
Author Name:
Richa Gulati, Pratima Rawal
Country:
India
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.23234605
Page No.:
122-133
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SOCIO-ECONOMIC DIFFERENCES IN FINTECH ADOPTION AND FINANCIAL INCLUSION AMONG URBAN STREET VENDORS: EVIDENCE FROM KOTA, RAJASTHAN, INDIA
Author: Richa Gulati, Pratima Rawal

Digital payments have spread rapidly among India's street vendors, but their use does not necessarily indicate broader fintech adoption or financial inclusion. This study examines differences in fintech adoption and financial inclusion by gender, age, monthly income and education among 440 street vendors in Kota, Rajasthan, who had prior exposure to UPI or other digital payment modes. Data were collected through a bilingual face-to-face questionnaire and analysed using t-tests, one-way ANOVA with Tukey post-hoc tests and multiple regression. Men reported higher fintech adoption (3.19 vs. 2.86; d = 0.32) and financial inclusion (3.08 vs. 2.70; d = 0.39) than women. Adoption declined with age and increased with income and education, with education showing the strongest association (η² = 0.097), while financial inclusion differed by gender, age and education but not income. Gender, age and education remained significant predictors of both outcomes in regression analysis. Fear of fraud (48.4%), limited digital knowledge (47.3%) and customers' preference for cash (45.2%) were the most frequently reported barriers. The findings highlight the need for targeted digital training and accessible grievance-redressal mechanisms, particularly for women, older and less-educated vendors.

Keywords: fintech adoption; financial inclusion; street vendors; informal economy; UPI; digital divide; India

Paper Title:
MACRO FACTOR ANALYSIS OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS EXPORT INDUSTRIES IN AMBALA CLUSTER OF INDIA
Author Name:
Sushil Kumar
Country:
India
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.23262083
Page No.:
134-149
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MACRO FACTOR ANALYSIS OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS EXPORT INDUSTRIES IN AMBALA CLUSTER OF INDIA
Author: Sushil Kumar

Micro Small and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs) is major industrial base of Indian economy and provide vibrant growth to all the industrial sectors with dynamic production and exports. MSMEs have contributed a lot in terms of 33% of the manufacturing output, 6% of the country’s GDP, and almost 45% of the exports. Scientific instruments industry is a vital industry for the country. Further, Indian scientific instruments industry also provides technical and industrial inputs for the manufacturing sector as providing inputs or raw material. It also provides help to the economy in earning foreign exchange. This study covers the Ambala cluster of scientific instrument export industry and this cluster has its existence before independence. Ambala scientific instruments cluster has more than 3,000 units of various types are engaged in exports. The Ambala cluster is believed to be the largest in the country for manufacturing scientific instruments and apparatus. Total 150 export firms are studied and multiple regression model is used to evaluate the export performance based on macro factors. The export performance of a firm is significantly depends on the real its exchange rate of host country as compare to the other trading countries in foreign market. The gross domestic product of a country also affects the performance of exports of all the firms. Exports of a firm are also affected by domestic inflation of that country. There is perspective view that foreign direct investment (FDI) promotes exports of host country through various environment issues of investment and capital.

Keyword: Export Performance, Scientific instruments, Foreign Direct Investment, Cluster, Real Exchange Rate.

Paper Title:
A STUDY ON THE EFFECTIVENESS OF CORPORATE SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY (CSR) PRACTICES AS PER GLOBAL REPORTING INITIATIVE (GRI) GUIDELINES: A COMPARATIVE STUDY BETWEEN SELECT INDIAN AND AMERICAN COMPANIES
Author Name:
S R Ganesh
Country:
India
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.23387298
Page No.:
150-159
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A STUDY ON THE EFFECTIVENESS OF CORPORATE SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY (CSR) PRACTICES AS PER GLOBAL REPORTING INITIATIVE (GRI) GUIDELINES: A COMPARATIVE STUDY BETWEEN SELECT INDIAN AND AMERICAN COMPANIES
Author: S R Ganesh

Today the world has become a single platform where each and every business has been established across the globe. In this scenario, companies are being cautious while doing their business in the current competitive pressure. Now a day’s companies are not only concentrating on earning profit, they are also thinking to fascinate the stakeholders. At this point, social performance reporting would motivate all the companies to expand from within and reach out to the society as a whole. However, there exists a problem of reporting the social performance. This paper attempts to clarify what social accounting is all about – mainly focusing on the reporting practices and measurement of the few randomly selected index based Indian and American companies. The objective of this study is to measure the voluntary social performance disclosures both in quantity and quality aspects. social performance disclosures in the various reports of the few randomly selected index based Indian and American companies. The result may serve a base or the path towards better social performance disclosures across the globe.

Keywords: Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR), Sustainability, Social Accounting, Social Performance, Social Reporting, Global Reporting Initiatives (GRI).

Paper Title:
SUSPENSION AND WINDING UP OF BANKING COMPANIES IN INDIA: A CRITICAL ANALYSIS OF THE BANKING REGULATION ACT, 1949
Author Name:
Nikhil Kashyap, Nitan Sharma
Country:
India
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.23416909
Page No.:
160-176
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SUSPENSION AND WINDING UP OF BANKING COMPANIES IN INDIA: A CRITICAL ANALYSIS OF THE BANKING REGULATION ACT, 1949
Author: Nikhil Kashyap, Nitan Sharma

The banking sector is one of the most critical pillars of the Indian economy. It facilitates the circulation of money, promotes economic development, and encourages public savings. Since the banking system handles citizens’ deposits and undertakes various financial operations with high economic impact, it is subject to a special legal framework. The Banking Regulation Act, 1949, gives the Reserve Bank of India (RBI) the exclusive authority to control and regulate the banking system. In other words, if a bank fails to operate in a solvent manner, the RBI can intervene and take necessary steps to protect the public. The law provides several legal provisions for the suspension of banking operations and the winding up of insolvent banks.
This paper aims to demonstrate the legal provisions of the Banking Regulation Act, 1949, which deal with the suspension and winding up of banking companies. The study further examines the relevant case laws in this area which have contributed to the elucidation of these statutes. By doing so, the paper seeks to provide an elaborate comprehension of the legal framework governing the winding up of banks and financial institutions in India.

Keywords: Banking Regulation Act, suspension, moratorium, winding up, Reserve Bank of India, depositor protection.

Paper Title:
सामूहिक कन्या विवाह योजना एक कारगर सामाजिक पहल - डोंगरगांव के विशेष संदर्भ में
Author Name:
ज्योति धारकर, समीक्षा जैन
Country:
India
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.23434396
Page No.:
177-185
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सामूहिक कन्या विवाह योजना एक कारगर सामाजिक पहल - डोंगरगांव के विशेष संदर्भ में
Author: ज्योति धारकर, समीक्षा जैन

भारतीय समाज में विवाह केवल एक पारिवारिक आयोजन नहीं, बल्कि सामाजिक, सांस्कृतिक, धार्मिक और आर्थिक संरचना से जुड़ी एक महत्वपूर्ण संस्था है। विशेषतः आर्थिक रूप से कमजोर वर्गों के लिए कन्या विवाह अत्यधिक व्यय, ऋणग्रस्तता, सामाजिक प्रतिस्पर्धा तथा दहेज जैसी समस्याओं का कारण बनता रहा है। इसी पृष्ठभूमि में विभिन्न राज्य सरकारों द्वारा सामूहिक कन्या विवाह योजनाएँ प्रारंभ की गईं, जिनका उद्देश्य निर्धन परिवारों की कन्याओं के विवाह को सम्मानजनक, सरल, विधिसम्मत एवं व्यय-नियंत्रित बनाना है।
प्रस्तुत शोधपत्र में छत्तीसगढ़ शासन की “मुख्यमंत्री कन्या विवाह योजना” का डोंगरगांव (जिला राजनांदगांव) के विशेष संदर्भ में ऐतिहासिक, सामाजिक एवं आर्थिक अध्ययन प्रस्तुत किया गया है। अध्ययन 2023–2025 के दौरान 120 लाभार्थी परिवारों से प्राप्त प्राथमिक आंकड़ों, क्षेत्रीय सर्वेक्षण तथा विभागीय अभिलेखों पर आधारित है। शोध में गुणात्मक एवं मात्रात्मक दोनों पद्धतियों का उपयोग किया गया है।
अध्ययन से स्पष्ट हुआ कि योजना ने विवाह व्यय में औसतन 80–85 प्रतिशत तक कमी की है। दहेज मांग में 72 प्रतिशत तक गिरावट दर्ज की गई तथा ऋण लेने वाले परिवारों की संख्या में उल्लेखनीय कमी आई। योजना ने सामाजिक समरसता, विधिक विवाह आयु के पालन तथा निर्धन परिवारों के सम्मानजनक सामाजिक समावेशन को भी प्रोत्साहित किया है।
यद्यपि योजना के क्रियान्वयन में जागरूकता की कमी, प्रशासनिक विलंब तथा अनुवर्ती मूल्यांकन जैसी चुनौतियाँ विद्यमान हैं, तथापि यह योजना सामाजिक न्याय एवं आर्थिक सशक्तिकरण की दिशा में एक प्रभावी हस्तक्षेप सिद्ध हुई है।

मुख्य शब्द: सामूहिक विवाह, मुख्यमंत्री कन्या विवाह योजना, डोंगरगांव, सामाजिक न्याय, दहेज उन्मूलन, आर्थिक सशक्तिकरण, सामाजिक समरसता

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